Ever increasing physiological and environmental abnormalities warrant natural, safe, easy to extract, less expensive and eco-friendly bio-components of versatile usage. Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide in the world, seems promising in fighting diseases, boosting immunity up and maintaining environment fresh. Chitin is a polysaccharide of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine forms the exoskeletons of arthropods, mollusks and insects, cell walls of fungi and scales of fishes. Based on extraction, purification and integration enhancement, chitin could be of greater importance for the maintenance of human health, agriculture and environment. Present article compares and contrasts the methods utilized for extraction and purification of chitin from different sources and review its current fields and suggest the future aspects.

In the era of Climate Change, the paper spotlights the importance of managing the high-altitude range land management in Nepal’s northern Rasuwa district bordering the Tibetan plateau. It points to the important fact that policies and strategies need to be inclusive and intersectional with gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) as a vital principle of good governance. Such policies, inclusive governance and support to vulnerable transhumance herders will enhance adequate grass and fodder for yak, chauri, sheep and cattle and at the same time provide veterinary support leading to improved livelihoods for the entire communities. Yak herding is carried out by Tamang transhumance community and in the age of climate change; pasture management together with extension support from local government, is critical to provide additional income to the local communities. The paper examines risk factor, i.e., foot and mouth disease (FMD) and vital nutrient requirements in terms of good quality grass fodder. It also examines the role of customary headman called the “Chogo” who collectively with his “local counsel” facilitate, wise use of the region’s natural resources, i.e., water, irrigation, forest, agriculture and above all pasture land and mediates local conflicts.

Objectives: It was to assess vasoprotective effects of ?-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in cerebral ischemia. Materials and methods: The experiments were carried out on 42 male outbred white rats weighing 260 ± 20 g. modeling of cerebral ischemia was carried out under conditions of intravenous thiopental anesthesia (40-50 mg / kg). The studies used models of subtotal, partial and stepwise subtotal cerebral ischemia. The table shows the experimental groups and the number of animals in them. Subtotal cerebral ischemia (SCI) was modeled by simultaneous ligation of both common carotid arteries (CCA). Partial cerebral ischemia (PCI) was modeled by ligating one CCA on the right. Stepwise subtotal CI (SSCI) was performed by sequential ligation of both CCA with an interval of 1 day (subgroup 1), 3 days (subgroup 2), or 7 days (subgroup 3). To study the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (?-3 PUFA), animals with CI were injected intragastrically with the drug "Omegamed" (SCI+?-3 PUFA) at a dose of 5 g / kg body weight for a week. The control group consisted of sham-operated rats of the same sex and weight. Neurological deficits were assessed in the "muscle strength", "swimming test" and "open field" tests after 5-6 hours of the ischemic period. The study was carried out 6 hours after the simulation of the CI. Quantitative continuous data were obtained, which were processed using the licensed computer program Statistica 10.0 for Windows (StatSoft, Inc., USA). Since the experiment used small samples that had an abnormal distribution, the analysis was carried out by methods of nonparametric statistics. Data are presented as Me (LQ; UQ), where Me is the median, LQ is the value of the lower quartile; UQ is the upper quartile value. Differences between groups were considered significant at p <0.05 (Regression Model). Results: With a stepwise bilateral ligation of both common carotid arteries with an interval of 1 day, neurological disorders were most pronounced, which indicates an aggravation of neurological deficit with a reduction in the time between CCA dressings. In rats with SCI, the changes were more pronounced than with PCI, but less than with SCI. The least pronounced changes were noted in the 3rd subgroup (the interval between CCA dressings was 7 days). Studies have shown the dependence of the severity of brain damage in SSCI on the interval between the cessation of blood flow in both CCA. At a 7-day interval between CCA dressings, compensatory mechanisms were activated, which prevented the development of morphological changes and neurological deficits. When CCA was ligated with an interval of 1 day, the degree of neurological deficit was maximal, which indicates insufficient implementation of compensatory mechanisms. Compared with the control group, the rats of the "SCI+?3-PUFA" group retained neurological deficit, the muscle strength indicator was 86% less (p<0.05), the swimming duration - by 63% (p<0.05), the number of crossed squares - by 55% (p<0.05), the number of washes - by 62% (p<0.05), the number of racks - by 62.5% (p<0.05) and the number of bowel movements - by 60% (p<0.05). However, in comparison with the SCI group, the neurological deficit was less pronounced. There was an increase in muscle strength by 67% (p<0.05), swimming duration by 37.5% (p<0.05) and the number of squares crossed in the open field test by 31% (p<0.05), which indicates the presence of a corrective action in the ?-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids preparation. Conclusion: The introduction of the preparation of ?-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has a corrective effect in conditions of subtotal cerebral ischemia, contributing to a lesser severity of manifestations of neurological deficit (an increase in muscle strength, duration of swimming and the number of squares crossed in the open field test).

The objective of the present study was to determine effect of dietary inclusion of (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) oil mixture (GIGM) on the growth performance and caecal microbial population of broiler chickens. One hundred and fifty one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated into 5 treatments with three replicates consisting of 10 birds each in a completely randomized design. Birds in treatment 1 (T1) was fed basal diet with 0 % inclusion of GIGM while T2, T3, T4 and T5 were given 0.1 %, 0.2 %, 0.3 % and 0.4 % respectively. Clean feed and water were offered ad libitum and all other management practices were strictly observed throughout the experiment which lasted for 56 days. Results obtained were used to determine weight gain (WG), average daily weight gain (ADWG), total feed intake (TFI), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and microbial population of E.coli, Salmonella spp and Lactobacillus spp. ADWG, ADFI and FCR were significantly (P ? 0.05) influenced by the dietary inclusion of GIGM. ADWG were highest in T5 (47.80 g), T4 (45.75 g) and T3 (45.09 g), intermediate in T2 (39.59 g) and lowest in T1 (30.72 g). Lactobacillus spp increased as the level of dietary inclusion of GIGM increases (P ? 0.05). E.coli and Salmonella spp counts were significantly (P ? 0.05) different among the treatments. It was concluded that GIGM could be included in the diet of broilers up to 0.4 % without causing any deleterious effect on the performance and health of birds.

Cost-effectiveness calculations for computational irrigation options, costs of sugar beet productivity by macro and microelements, costs associated with the assembly of single added microsurgeons, cost of microwave system, expenditure on production of products according to options, etc. the experimental results of the experimental studies carried out in different regions of the country are proven by the fact that the use of microcirculation by drop irrigation method is well-aerated in the soil zone in the soil zone of the root system of plants, where normal biological activity of beneficial microorganisms is provided, it is ensured that the required amount of continuous fertilizer in the formulation of the solution provides optimal nutrient, water and air regimes in the soil, which in turn promotes biological and physical improvement of the plant and, consequently, increases productivity and improves product quality